“Examine the reasons for changes in the patterns of marriage, divorce and cohabitation over the past 40 years.” Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Examine the reasons for changes in the patterns of marriage, divorce and cohabitation over the past 40 years.† Essay The patterns of marriage, divorce and cohabitation over the past 40 years has varied quite significantly. In 1972, the highest ever number of couples (480,000) since the Second World War got married. Now, obviously there is a reason for this. According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), this was due to the baby boom generation of the 1950s reaching marriageable age and these people choosing to marry at a younger age compared with previous generations. However, after this period, the number of marriages in England and Wales then went into decline. Most recently, marriages reached an all-time low in 2005 when only 244,710 couples got married. Some people would say that it reached so low because people are rejecting marriage and are no longer bothered about it. But in fact, statistics reveal that many people are actually delaying marriage. It is said that most people will marry at some point in their lives, but people are deciding to marry later in life, most likely after a period of cohabitation. A reason for this is probably because couples want to â€Å"Test the water† before they make any commitments. Evidence to support the â€Å"marrying later in life† view is that the average age for first-time bridges in 2003 was 29 years and for all grooms 31 years, compared with 22 for women and 24 for men in 1971. In particular women may want to delay marriage so they can advance their career prospects. As well as a decline in the total number of marriages, there is also a decline in marriage rates (the number of people marrying per 1000 of the population aged 16 and over). In 1994, the marriage rate was 11.4 but this had declined to 10.3 by 2004. The male rate declined from 36.3 in 1994 to 27.8 in 2004 whilst the female rate declined from 30.6 to 24.6. Once again, even though there is a decline, British Social Attitude Surveys indicate that most people, whether single, divorced or cohabitating, still see marriage as a desirable life-goal, and therefore will most likely will get married at some point in the future, particularly if they are having children, because they believe that this is best done in the context of marriage. Another change in the patterns of marriage is that two fifths of all marriages are remarriages, in which one or both partners have been divorced. These people are obviously committed to the institution of marriage despite their previous negative experience of it. The reason for this trend could possibly because their first marriages were empty-shell marriages. This is where there is no love or intimacy between them, but the marriage persists for the sake of the children until they are old enough. They then might have wanted to start a new life, including a re-marriage. Despite the decrease in the overall number of people marrying, married couples are still the main type of partnership for men and women in the UK. In 2005, seven in ten families were headed by a married couple. In terms of Divorce – the legal ending of a marriage, this has increased rapidly since 1969 due to a piece of legislation that granted divorce on the basis of â€Å"irretrievable breakdown† – the Divorce Reform Act of 1969. In addition, since 1984, couples have been able to petition for divorce after the first anniversary of their marriage. This law made the Divorce rate shoot high because it generally made it easier and cheaper to end marriages. In addition, people were finally able to legally to end all connections, as previously when divorce was either too expensive or difficult to obtain, separation was very common, which was when a couple decided to live away from each other. To go into more detail of the trend of increased divorces, in 1993, the number of divorces peaked at 180,000. By 2000, this figure had fallen to 154,000, although the years 2001 – 2004 have seen a gradual rise to 167,100. There are now nearly half as many divorces as marriages and, if present trends continue, about 40% of current marriages will end in divorce. An acceptable reason for this increasing trend of divorce is that it is no longer associated with stigma and shame. Britain’s culture is based upon Christian religion, and Christians believe that marriage is for life (‘till death do us part’). However, over years, changes in attitudes and secularisation have emerged, and the view that divorce can lead to greater happiness for the individual is more acceptable. A third reason which could explain the increasing divorce rates is down to women wanting to improve educational and career opportunities. In 1870, the Education Act passed by Gladstone’s government meant that every child between the ages of five and fifteen had the opportunity for elementary education. Not only did this produce a large literate generation of people, but it also improved the girls reading and writing ability, which previously was much lower than boys. Now, women have their own stable careers with a good wage, and thus do not have to be unhappily married because they are financially dependent on their husband. Feminists note that women’s expectations of marriage have radically changed, compared with previous generations. In the 1990s, most divorce petitions were put forward by women. This may support Thornes and Collard’s (1979) view that women expect far more from marriage than men and, in particular, that they value friendship and emotional gratification more than then do. If husbands fail to love up to these expectations, women may feel the need to look elsewhere. This would also support the fact that, on average, the number of divorce proceedings started by women is about 70%. Finally, functionalist sociologists argue that high divorce rates are evidence that marriage is increasingly valued and that people are demanding higher standards from their partners. They believe that couples are no longer prepared to put up with unhappy, empty-shell marriages, as people want emotional and sexual compatibility and equality, as well as companionship. It is said that some are even willing to go through a number of partners to achieve these goals, and if they marry every time they meet a new partner, then obviously they are going to contribute a lot more to the rising divorce rates. The final area of the diverse family is cohabitation. The basic trend of cohabitation is that it is on the increase and has been for the last decade. The proportion of non-married people cohabiting has risen sharply in the last 20 years from 11% of men and 13% of women in 1986 to 24% and 25% respectively. In 2007, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) suggested that cohabiting couples are the fastest growing family type in the UK. In fact, around 2.2 million families are cohabiting couples with or without children. This family type has grown by 65% since 1997, and really, the numbers are likely to be higher than this because the ONS data did not include same-sex couples living together. In addition, the ONS data suggested that a third of teenagers in 2007 were destined to cohabit rather than marry, compared with one in ten of their grandparents. As we gathered that the general trend is on the increase, it’s good to know the reasons why. One of the first reasons, which I mentioned earlier on, is that people like to cohabit to â€Å"test the water.† During this period, they will assess whether they (the couple) are compatible with each other and whether they will be able to live with each other before making any sort of commitments. After all, cohabitation on average lasts for 5 years, which then 60% of cohabitees will then marry. Another reason for the said trend is that there are a significant number of people who live together whilst waiting for a divorce. For example, in 2005, 23% of cohabiting men were separated from a pervious partner whilst 36% were divorced. So although a person may be married, they may have separated and moved into another house to live with a person they have met. They will then be counted as a cohabitee. A third reason for the increased rate of cohabitation could be because people are put off the cost of marriage. According to Wedding Guide UK, the average cost of a traditional wedding in the UK is around  £11,000. In addition to the price, some people are also put off because of the religious ceremony of marriage. This is because overtime we have become a more secular society. Both of these factors to some people will refrain them from marrying, because in their eyes they see it as long as they are with each other in a happy and loving relationship, they don’t need a ring or a piece of paper with their names on it.

Prison Term Policy Recommendation Proposal

Prison Term Policy Recommendation Proposal The state overseeing body will vote on a bill that will twofold the best correctional facility time that an individual will get for outfitted robbery if sentenced. The reason behind this suggestion is unreasonably help give unmistakable plans that may help the state authorization people see diverse game plans that may be more profitable. The bill is conspicuous with the state get together; there is an outright need to review the factors that could be a component. I have examined what the new bill potential results are and if there is even need to settle something that is not broken. According to the Uniform Crime Report (UCR), outfitted robbery is portrayed as an exasperated sort of theft in which the respondent is equipped with a perilous weapon. Taking property from an individual or inside seeing someone else with the usage of force or by undermining the use of compel while furnished with a dangerous weapon is suggested quite recently like the importance of prepared robbery (Dictio nary). During the commonplace days a wide range of burglary were meriting passing. The United States Constitution does not allow the execution for a man who has been prosecuted just thievery alone; in any case, in case some person is butchered over the traverse of the burglary the individual can be sentenced to death on a legal offense murder affirmation (Law). Prepared burglary is an exceptional wrongdoing; from January 1, 2011 to March 31, 2011 there were 1081 bank robberies (FBI). I have seen from all the gave reports from the Bureau of Justice Statistics are the lessening in those numbers. Notwithstanding the way that numbers have lessened, they are still exorbitantly various in sum. When trying to make a proposition for this possible bill to twofold the correctional facility sentence for equipped burglary we ought to look at to where the rates where conversely with the past and where they are before long. I picked the years 1980, 1990, and 2005 in light of the way that these years hold a one of a kind expecting to me. In 1980 the rate of prepared robbery was d own 6.6%, in 1990 rate of equipped thievery was down to 5.7% finally in 2005 the outfitted theft rate was down to 2.7%. These numbers reflect an abatement without the development of the correctional facility sentence. Changes made on the quick side could have a negative effect. I am firm follower that if something is not broken it doesnt ought to be settled. The most fundamental suggestion that I can offer is to big business out into the all inclusive community extends that have the extended wrongdoing rates and give more law approval officers in those regions. The extended measure of law approval officers can give debilitation and moreover make the subjects of that gathering feel more secure. A minute proposal that I can offer would be as opposed to actually duplicating the correctional facility sentence, rather essentially increase it by three or four years. In case this bill is passed by this state board, the detainee masses will increase. Exactly when the development of the prisoner masses accomplishes a particular level there will be a need to gather more restorative facilites and correctional facilites to house the overall public. There is always strong common contentions that develop when a remedial office or correctional facility will be gathered in light of the way that no region or gathering needs this kind of office near their territory. Quite of what we would do or new felt that we would endeavor there will constantly be wrongdoing. The last recommendation that I have to offer is to look at the expenses. Considerations, for instance, the expenses to house, support, dress, and give therapeutic organizations to these prisoners will impact everyone from subjects to the gatherings. Individuals on this state administering body board need to remember what the gatherings require and do what is best for them; growing charges it not going to be the fitting reaction with the present conditions of our economy. This bill benefits have contemplations to help fight wrongdoing; I trust that all components ought to be broke down. The best segment will guarantee the gatherings wont be hurt. I assume that since wrongdoing rates of outfitted theft have shown a reducing without the raising of the discipline, the state lawmaking body should not misuse the time and money by brining into component another bill that may not work. This state lawmaking body needs to make his or herself known inside the gatherings and choose for them what is a need and a flat out need. I am firm lover of recuperation. My posit ion is with the use of gathering based conformities and strict endorsements for rehabilitative purposes to the unemployed repeat blameworthy gathering who gives outfitted theft (Limbaugh, 2009). With the use of specialists, ventures, and treatment centers, for instance, informational help aptitudes, coordinating for substance misuse, abuse, and other mental issue could be the reason a man would not submit equipped burglary (Limbaugh). References: FBI. (n.d.). Retrieved August 4, 2012, from Bank Crime Statistics:  http://ww.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/bank-crime-statistics-2011/bank-crime-statistics Limbaugh, S. (2009, October 31). Prison Term Policy Recommendation. Retrieved August  2,2012, from Yahoo voices:http://voices.yahoo.com/shared/print.shtml?content_type=articlecontent_type_id=5645150 Robbery. (n.d). Retrieved August 2, 2012, from Robbery-The History of Robbery:http://law.jrank.org/pages/1984/Robbery-history-robbery.html The Free Dictionary. (n.d.). Retrieved August 2, 2012, from Armed Robbery: http://legal-dictionary.the freedictionary.com/armed+robbery

Reflection Has Become An Important Concept In Nursing Nursing Essay

Reflection Has Become An Important Concept In Nursing Nursing Essay Introduction In recent years, reflection has undoubtedly become an important concept in nursing, stimulating debate and influencing nursing practice and education around the world. Much has been written about the theory of reflection, the majority of which has been applied to the educational setting (Price 2004). However, the process of reflecting has been described as a transferable skill which may be incorporated into clinical practice, enabling practitioners to better understand themselves and others, and solve problems (Mantzoukas Jasper 2004). Indeed, the capability to reflect consciously upon ones professional practice is generally considered important for the development of education and, hence, for clinical expertise (Mamede Schmidt 2004). Reid (1993) defines reflection as a process of reviewing an experience of practice in order to describe, analyse, evaluate and so inform learning about practice (Reid 1993, p. 305). The nursing profession seems to advocate the need for nurses to be educated and practice in ways that develop their critical thinking, autonomy and sensitivity to others (Reed Ground 1997). Bulman (2004) contends that reflective practice may provide a means of achieving this. Within an intensive care setting, some evidence exists to suggest a strong relationship between lived experience and learning, with most critical care practitioners learning from previous experience (Hendricks et al 1996). More recently, reflection has been closely associated with the concepts of critical thinking and deconstruction. It is argued that a combination of these principles create a retrospective and prospective dimension, giving the practitioner the ability to deconstruct events, to reason the origins of situations, and to consider what has gone before and what may happen yet (Rolfe 2005). In order to be effective in practice there is a requirement to be purposeful and goal directed. It is suggested therefore that reflection cannot just be concerned with understanding, but must also focus on locating practice within its social structures, and on changing practice (Bolton 2001). This suggests that a structured approach to reflection is of benefit to the practitioner. Indeed the use of a model or framework of reflection is advocated as a tool which can aid and facilitate the practitioner in reflection, promoting a process of continuous development (Bulman 2004). Reflection is seen as a dynamic process and not a static one (Duke 2004), and thus the use of a framework which adopts a cyclic approach to reflective practice seems appropriate. One such framework is Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle, which is adapted form a framework of experiential learning, and uses a series of questions to guide, and provide structure for the practitioner when reflecting on an experience. Gibbs (1988) highlights 6 important areas of consideration when reflecting on a specific situation, encouraging the practitioner to consider what happened, why it happened and what could be done differently in the future. The 6 components of the Reflective Cycle are outlined below: Description What happened? Feelings What were you thinking and feeling? Evaluation What was good and bad about the situation? Analysis What sense can you make of the situation? Conclusion What else could you have done? Action Plan If the situation arose again, what would you do? It is clear that the idea of reflective practice has come to have a considerable impact on the nursing profession. This paper will focus on 2 clinical scenarios occurring within an intensive care setting. The issues raised will be discussed within the context of Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle. The aim in doing so is to highlight the benefits of a structured reflective process, and to identify ways in which clinical practice may be improved in the future. Scenario 1 Description The first scenario concerns the care of an elderly, critically ill patient, who was being treated in a surgical intensive care unit. At the time of this scenario the patient had been in intensive care for almost 3 weeks, having been admitted with respiratory failure requiring intubation, and displaying clinical symptoms consistent with sepsis. The patient had many other underlying medical problems, was morbidly obese, and despite antibiotic therapy was requiring high levels of inotropic and ventilatory support. Despite the patients symptoms, no definite source of sepsis had been identified. The above patient was being cared for by the author on a 12 hour day shift and at the morning ward round it was noted that the patients condition had deteriorated significantly over the previous 2 days, with increased inotrope dependence and worsening renal function. With few treatment options left to try, the consultant anaesthetist decided that the patient should have a CT scan to identify or rule out an abdominal problem as a source of the sepsis. The patient was reviewed by a consultant surgeon who felt that in view of the patients co-morbidity, surgery of any kind would not be appropriate, despite potential positive findings on CT. Knowing that a CT scan had been carried out 1 week previously with no significant findings, the author raised concerns about the benefit of such a procedure, and suggested that at the very least the patients family should be informed or consulted about the planned investigation. The patients son had been spoken to the previous day and informed that the prognosis was very poor. Withdrawal of treatment had been mentioned as a possibility in the event of no improvement in the patients condition. The son however was not informed about the scan which went ahead the same day. Transferring the patient to the radiology department for scan proved difficult. The patient was sedated for transfer resulting in a need for increased inotropes due to further hypotension caused by the sedation. The patients large size also created a problem in finding an appropriate transfer trolley to take the patients weight. Again the author voiced concerns, stating that perhaps transfer was inadvisable in view of the patients unstable cardiovascular status. The anaesthetist decided that we should proceed with the scan. The patient remained unstable throughout the transfer, requiring a further increase in inotropes on arrival at scan. Whilst on the CT table, the patient became dangerously hypotensive and bradycardic, and it seemed that cardiac arrest was imminent. Adrenaline boluses were administered, and large fluid boluses of gelofusine were also given. In view of this, the CT scan was abandoned midway, and the patient was quickly transferred back to ICU. Further adrenaline boluses were needed during transfer. On arrival back to ICU, the author was met by the patients son, who was not aware that the patient was being scanned. He was made aware of the patients poor condition. Back in ICU it was decided that further resuscitation was not appropriate. The son was present when the patient died a few minutes later. Feelings On the day these events took place, the predominant thoughts and feelings of the author were ones of guilt and inadequacy. Having considered the multiple health problems faced by the patient at this time, the author felt that the process of transferring the patient to CT scan and carrying out the scan itself may cause the patient stress, discomfort and potential danger, and ultimately be of little or no benefit. During the transfer and scanning process, the author became increasingly anxious about the immediate safety of the patient, and the potential for deterioration in the patients condition. When the patient became dangerously bradycardic and hypotensive, the authors thoughts were concentrated on trying to prevent cardiac arrest. On returning to ICU and meeting the patients son, it seemed that neither the dignity of the patient or the concerns of the family had been respected. The author felt an inadequacy and felt that the interests of the patient had not been properly advocated. The patient passed away in a distressing and undignified manner, and the son did not have the opportunity to spend personal time with the patient prior to this happening. The author felt guilty, as it seemed that the CT scan should not have happened and that the undignified circumstances surrounding the patients death need not have occurred. Evaluation Looking back on the events of scenario 1, it seems that there were both positive and negative aspects to the experience. During transfer to CT scan and the emergency situation which followed, the author felt that there was good teamwork between the different professionals involved in the care of the patient. Because of this, prompt action was taken, preventing cardiac arrest. However, it seems that this situation may have been avoided, which in turn raises many questions relating to the care of the patient. Ethically, one must question how appropriate it was to scan a severely septic, unstable patient, especially when corrective treatments would have been inappropriate in the event of an abnormality being discovered. Should the author have advocated the interests of the patient and family more forcefully? Was there a lack of communication and consensus between the critical care team? The events of this incident culminated in a clinical emergency situation which led to the patients death. Thus, the author feels that the patients clinical condition and the ethical issues and dilemmas surrounding the patients care must be examined and discussed, in the hope that lessons can be learned through the reflective process. Analysis Sepsis Most illness and death in patients in intensive care is caused by the consequences of sepsis and systemic inflammation. Indeed, sepsis affects 18 million people worldwide each year (Slade et al 2003), with severe sepsis remaining the highest cause of death in patients admitted to non-coronary intensive care units (Edbrooke et al 1999). Sepsis is a complex condition that results from an infectious process, and is the bodys response to infection. It involves systemic inflammatory and cellular events that result in altered circulation and coagulation, endothelial dysfunction, and impaired tissue perfusion (Kleinpell 2004). Dellinger et al (2004) define sepsis as the systemic response to infection manifested by 2 or more of the following: High or low temperature (>38 °C or Heart rate > 90 beats per minute Respiratory rate > 20 breaths per minute or PaCO2 High or low white blood cell count (> 12,000 or In severe sepsis impaired tissue perfusion along with micro vascular coagulation can lead to multiple organ system dysfunction, which is a major cause of sepsis-related mortality (Robson Newell 2005). While all organs are prone to failure in sepsis, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and renal dysfunction occur most commonly (Hotchkiss Karl 2003). When multiple organ system dysfunction occurs, Dolan (2003) promotes evidence-based sepsis treatment whereby patients should receive targeted organ support. This includes mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, fluids, vasopressor or inotropic administration, and blood product administration, to maximize perfusion and oxygenation. In recent years new therapies have emerged which have been shown, in some cases, to increase the chance of survival from severe sepsis. Recombinant human activated protein C has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and pro-fibrinolytic properties (Dolan 2003). In a randomised controlled trial, Bernard et al (2001) found a significant reduction in the mortality of septic patients who had been treated with activated protein C. The National Institute for clinical excellence (2004) now recommends this treatment for adult patients who have severe sepsis resulting in multiple organ failure, and who are being provided with optimal ICU support. Steroids, the use of which in ICU has long been debated, have also been shown, in low doses, to reduce the risk of death in some patients in septic shock (Annane 2000). Despite the development of specific treatments to interrupt or control the inflammatory and procoagulant process associated with sepsis, its management remains a major challenge in healthcare (Kleinpell 2004). The patient in scenario 1 was clearly in a state of severe sepsis, with respiratory, cardiac and renal failure, and receiving some of the supportive treatments mentioned above. Indeed it seems that the severity of this condition should not have been underestimated. In view of this, the ethical issues surrounding the decision to take this patient to CT scan must now be considered. Ethical Dilemmas and Consensus Ethical issues have emerged in recent years as a major component of health care for critically ill patients (Friedman 2001). Thus, caring for these patients in an intensive care setting necessitates that difficult ethical problems must be faced and resolved (Fisher 2004). Traditionally, much of the literature in biomedical ethics comes from theoretical perspectives that include principled ethics, caring ethics and virtue ethics (Bunch 2002). Although these perspectives provide an ethical awareness, which can be helpful, they do not of necessity give much direction for clinical practice. Melia (2001) supports this notion, suggesting that many discussions of ethical issues in health care are presented from a moral philosophical viewpoint, which as a consequence leaves out the clinical and social context in which decisions are taken and carried through. Beauchamp Childress (1994) identify 5 principles pertinent to decision making in intensive care. These are: salvageability, life preservation, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. Ethical dilemmas occur when two or more of the above principles come into conflict. The principles of beneficence (doing good), non-maleficence (doing no harm) and justice (fair treatment) are well established within the field of bioethics. Within a critical care context however, the dilemma between salvageability and life preservation becomes an important focus for health care professionals. Indeed, Prien Van Aken (1999) raise the question of whether all medical means to preserve life have to be employed under all circumstances, or are there situations in which we should not do everything that it is possible to do. This question becomes particularly relevant when a patients condition does not improve but rather deteriorates progressively. Curtin (2005) suggests that at some point in the course of t reatment, the line between treating a curable disease and protracting an unpreventable death can be crossed. In such incidences Prien Van Aken (1999) identify a transitional zone between the attempt to treat the patient, and the prolongation of dying, in which a conflict between the principles of life preservation and non-maleficence develops. These concepts seem particularly relevant to scenario 1 where the interests of the patient may have been neglected in favour of further attempts to treat the patients condition. This, in turn created a conflict between the principles of salvageability and life preservation. The decision to perform a CT scan on a patient with such cardiovascular instability and a very poor prognosis, meant that the patient was subjected to dangers and harms when there were few, if any benefits to justify this. Hence, the conflict between the ethical principles was not resolved, and the professional duty of non-maleficence toward the patient was not respected. Such conflicts and dilemmas in intensive care can be made all the harder by the availability of advanced technologies. Callahan (2003) writes that one of the most seductive powers of medical technology is to confuse the use of technology with a respect for the sanctity of life. In addition, Fisher (2004) contends that it has become all too easy to think that if one respects the value of life, and technology has the power to extend life, then a failure to use it is a failure to respect that value. This is particularly true of diagnostic technologies (such as CT scanning) which must be used with caution, especially in cases where the diagnostic information will make little or no difference to the treatment of the patient, but can create or heighten anxiety and discomfort for the patient (Callahan 2003). Medical technology is a two-edged sword, capable of saving and improving life but also of ending and harming life (Curtin 2005). Good critical care medicine carries the responsibility o f preserving life, on the one hand, and making possible a peaceful death, on the other. Callahan (2003) concludes by warning that any automatic bias in favour of using technology will threaten that latter possibility. Consensus between members of the intensive care team is also highlighted as an important issue in ethical decision making. Effective communication and collaboration among medical and nursing staff are essential for high quality health care (Woodrow 2000). Collaboration can be seen as working together, sharing responsibility for solving problems, and making decisions to formulate and execute plans for patient care (Gedney 2000 p.41). In intensive care units where ethical problems are faced frequently, care has to be a team effort (Fisher 2004). In a qualitative study, Melia (2001) found that there was a strong desire within the intensive care team that ethical and moral consensus should be achieved in the interests of good patient care, even though it was recognised that there is no legal requirement for nurses to agree with ICU decisions. Cobaoglu Algier (2004) however, found that the same ethical dilemma was perceived differently by medics and nurses with the differences being related to the hospitals hierarchical structure and the traditional distinctions between the two professions. Similarly, it has been observed that differences between doctors and nurses in ethical dilemmas were a function of the professional role played by each, rather than differences in ethical reasoning or moral motivation (Oberle Hughes 2001). It seems therefore that while the medical and nursing professions share the same aims for patient outcomes, the ideas surrounding how these outcomes should be achieved may differ (Fisher 2004). These differences have contributed to the development of the concept of the nurse as patient advocate, which sees advocacy as a fundamental and integral role in the caring relationship, and not simply as a single component of care (Snowball 1996). The role of the nurse advocate should be that of mediator and facilitator, negotiating between the different health and illness perspectives of patient, doctor, and other health care professionals on the patients behalf (Mallik 1998). Empirical evidence is sparse and philosophical arguments seem to predominate in the field of patient advocacy. There is some evidence to suggest that nurse advocacy has had beneficial outcomes for the patient and family in critical care areas (Washington 2001). Hewitt (2002) however found that humanistic arguments that promote advocacy as a moral imperative are compelling. Benner (1984) writes of advocacy within the context of being with a patient in such a way that acknowledges your shared humanity, which is the base of nursing as a caring practice (Benner 1984, p. 28). It has been argued that advocacy, at least in a philosophical sense, is the foundation of nursing itself and as such should be regarded as an issue of great importance by all practitioners (Snowball 1996). Conclusion It can be concluded that sepsis in a critical care environment is a complex condition with a high mortality rate, requiring highly specialised treatments. As such, the ethical issues and dilemmas faced by health care staff caring for a septic patient can be both complex and far reaching. It must be noted, that there can be no general solutions for such ethical conflicts; each clinical case must be evaluated individually with all its associated circumstances. A study of ethical principles would suggest that it is important that the benefits of a specific treatment or procedure are established prior to implementation, and that these benefits outweigh any potential harms or risks to the patient. The ultimate decision maker in the scenario under discussion was the consultant anaesthetist, who should have provided a clearer rationale for performing a CT scan on such an unstable patient. As the nurse caring for the patient, the author recognises that the final decision regarding treatment rested with the anaesthetist. However, the author could have challenged the anaesthetists decision further, advocating the patients interests, with the aim of reaching a moral consensus within the team. Perhaps then the outcome would have been more favourable for all concerned. Action Plan By reflecting on this scenario, the author has gained an understanding of sepsis and the potential ethical problems which may be encountered when caring for a septic or critically ill patient. As a result, the author feels more confident to challenge those decisions made relating to treatment, which do not seem to be in the best interest of the patient, or which have the potential to cause more harm than good. The author now has a greater understanding of the professional responsibility to advocate on a patients behalf, with the aim of safeguarding against possible dangers. It is hoped that this will result in improved outcomes for patients in the authors care. Scenario 2 Description This incident occurred in a surgical intensive care unit while the author was looking after a ventilated patient who had undergone a laparotomy and right sided hemi-colectomy 2 days previously. Around 10.30am the patient was reviewed by medical staff and was found to be awake and alert with good arterial blood gases, and requiring minimal ventilatory support. In view of this, it was decided that the patients support should be reduced further, and providing this reduction was tolerated, that the patient should be extubated later in the morning. In the intensive care unit in which the author works an intensive insulin infusion protocol is used (see Appendix A). This is a research based protocol which aims to normalize blood glucose levels and thus improve clinical outcomes for critically ill patients. All patients on this protocol require either to be absorbing enteral feed at à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥30ml/hr, on TPN or on 5% dextrose at 100ml/hr (Appendix A, note 2). The patient involved in this incident was receiving enteral feed via a naso-gastric tube, and was on an insulin infusion which was running at 4 U/hr. When it was decided that the patient was to be extubated, the author stopped the enteral feed as a precaution, to prevent possible aspiration during or after extubation. The author however did not stop the insulin infusion which breached the protocol guidelines. About 12 noon the patients blood gases showed that the reduction in support had been tolerated, and so the patient was extubated. Shortly after this the author was asked to go for lunch break and so passed on to a colleague that the patient had recently been extubated but was managing well on face mask oxygen. Returning from lunch 45 minutes later, the author found the patient to be disorientated and slightly confused. With good oxygen saturations, the author doubted that the confusion had resulted from hypoxia or worsening blood gases. The author then realised that the insulin infusion had not been stopped with the enteral feed earlier. A check of the patients blood glucose level showed that it was 1.2mmol/L. The author immediately stopped the insulin infusion, administered 20mls of 50% dextrose intravenously, as per protocol, and recommenced the enteral feed. Twenty minutes later, the patients blood glucose level had risen to 3.7mmol/L. The patient continued on the insulin protocol maintaining blood glucose levels within an adequate range. There were no lasting adverse effects resulting from the hypoglycaemic episode. Feelings When it was realised that the insulin infusion had not been stopped, the author felt a sense of panic, anticipating correctly that the patients blood glucose level would be dangerously low. Thoughts then became concentrated on raising the blood glucose level, to ensure that no further harm would come to the patient as a result of the authors mistake. Following the incident, when the patients glucose levels had risen, feelings of guilt were prominent. At this point the author realised how much worse the outcome could have been for the patient. The author felt incompetent, knowing that the patient could have been much more severely affected, or could even have died as the result of such a simple mistake. Evaluation The events of scenario 2 highlight the fact that clinical errors, while easily made, can have potentially disastrous consequences. This is especially true of those errors which involve the administration of drugs intravenously. In the interest of patient safety, it is important that all such errors are avoided. The clinical error outlined above could easily have been avoided. It seems that there was not sufficient awareness, on the authors part, of the insulin infusion protocol and the guidelines concerning the administration of insulin. As a result, the insulin protocol was not adhered to. The following analysis therefore will focus on the importance of insulin therapy in critical care areas, and will consider the safety issues surrounding intravenous drug administration. Analysis Blood Glucose Control in Intensive Care It is well documented that critically ill patients who require prolonged intensive care treatment are at high risk of multiple organ failure and death (Diringer 2005). Extensive research over the last decade has focused on strategies to prevent or reverse multiple organ failure, only a few of which have revealed positive results. One of these strategies is tight blood glucose control with insulin (Khoury et al 2004). It is well known that any type of acute illness or injury results in insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and hyperglycaemia, a constellation which has been termed the diabetes of stress (McCowen et al 2001). In critically ill patients, the severity of this condition has been shown to reflect the risk of death (Laird et al 2004). Much has been learned recently about the negative prognostic effects of hyperglycemia in critically ill patients. Hyperglycaemia adversely affects fluid balance, predisposition to infection, morbidity following acute cardiovascular events, and can increase the risk of renal failure, neuropathy and mortality in ICU patients (DiNardo et al 2004). Research suggests that there are distinct benefits of insulin therapy in improving clinical outcomes. Such benefits have been seen in patients following acute myocardial infarction, and in the healing of sternal wounds in patients who have had cardiac surgery (Malmberg 1997; Furnary et al 1999). More recently Van den Berghe et al (2001) conducted a large, randomized, controlled study involving adults admitted to a surgical intensive care unit who were receiving mechanical ventilation. The study demonstrated that normalisation of blood glucose levels using an intensive insulin infusion protocol improved clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. In particular, intensive insulin therapy was shown to reduce ICU mortality by 42%, and significantly reduce the incidences of septicaemia, acute renal failure, prolonged ventilatory support, and critical illness polyneuropathy. The length of stay in intensive care was also significantly shorter for patients on the protocol. It is unclear as to why improved glycaemic control has been associated with improved outcomes in several clinical settings. Coursin and Murray (2003) have summarized several leading hypotheses including maintenance of macrophage and neutrophil function, enhancement of erythropoiesis, and the direct anabolic effect of insulin on respiratory muscles. The potential anti-inflammatory effects of insulin have also been evaluated (Das 2001). There is also uncertainty over whether it is the actual insulin dose received per se, or the degree of normoglycaemia achieved that is responsible for the beneficial effects of intensive glycaemic management. Van den Berghe (2003) analysed the data derived from their 2001 study and have concluded that the degree of glycaemic control, rather the quantity of insulin administered was associated with the decrease in mortality and organ system dysfunction. In a follow up to Van den Berghe et als 2001 study, Langouche et al (2005) found that a significant part of the improved patient outcomes were explained by the effects of intensive insulin on vascular endothelium. The vascular endothelium controls vasomotor tone and micro-vascular flow, and regulates trafficking of nutrients and several biologically active molecules (Aird 2003). Langouche et al (2005) conclude that maintaining normoglycaemia with intensive insulin therapy during critical illness protects the vascular endothelium and thereby contributes to the prevention of organ failure and death. Whatever the reasons for improved patient outcomes, the study by Van den Burghe et al (2001) has prompted much research in this field, all of which has yielded similar results. In a similar study, Krinsley (2004) found that the use of an insulin protocol resulted in significantly improved glycaemic control and was associated with decreased mortality, organ dysfunction, and length of stay in the ICU in a heterogeneous population of critically ill adult patients. Thus it seems that with the strength of the emerging data in support of a more intensive approach to glycaemic management, insulin infusions are being utilised with increasing frequency, and are considered by many to be the standard of care for critically ill patients (DiNardo et al 2004). It is important to note that a well recognised risk of intensive glucose management is hypoglycaemia. Indeed Goldberg et al (2004) emphasise that in the ICU setting where patients often cannot report or respond to symptoms, the potential for hypoglycaemia is of particular concern. The events of scenario 2 highlight the authors error in the administration of insulin resulting in hypoglycaemia. For this reason some issues surrounding intravenous drug therapy will now be discussed. Intravenous Drug Therapy There is an increasing recognition that medication errors are causing a substantial global public health problem. Many of these errors result in harm to patients and increased costs to health providers (Wheeler Wheeler 2005). In the intensive care unit, patients commonly receive multiple drug therapies that are prescribed either for prophylactic indications or for treatment of established disease (Dougherty 2002). Practitioners caring for these patients find themselves in the challenging position of having to monitor these therapies, with the goal of maximizing a beneficial therapeutic response, as well as minimizing the occurrence of any adverse drug-related outcome (Cuddy 2000). The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2004) identifies the preparation and administration of medicines as an important aspect of professional practice, stressing that it is not merely a mechanistic task performed in strict compliance with a written prescription, but rather a task that requires thought and professional judgement. Heatlie (2003) found that the introduction of new insulin protocols and regimes could g

My Teaching Philosophy and Goals Essay example -- Education Teaching E

My Teaching Philosophy and Goals My philosophical point of view is Essentialism. Although I agree with Benjamin Bloom’s Theory on â€Å"School Learning†(1976). In his theory Bloom states; that children bring to class a range of â€Å"entry characteristics†. He divides these characteristics into affective and cognitive behaviors. Affective behavior includes the student’s motivation to learn and cognitive behavior includes the student’s prior knowledge. According to Bloom the context of the learning environment and the quality of instruction will determine the learning outcomes. Parents play an important role in their children’s desire and motivation to learn. Parents instill values of the importance of education and provide learning to take place not only in school but also in their home. My grandchildren have provided me with this knowledge. The grandchild that has parents that encouraged the importance of education does excel over the grandchild that did not receive the same encouragement. The nature of knowledge in my opinion is relative. It is constructed and dependent upon per...

Cisco :: essays research papers

COMPANY PROFILE Cisco Systems is one of the largest network communications company in the world. Cisco provides networking solutions that customers use to build a integrated information infrastructure of their own, or to connect to someone else’s network. Cisco also offers an extensive range of hardware products used to form information networks, or to give them access to these networks. Cisco also has it’s own software called IOS software, which provides network services and enables networked applications. Cisco serves customers in a wide range of businesses, such as corporations, government agencies, utilities, and educational institutes, and small to medium size businesses. Cisco sells it’s products worldwide. They serve as many as 115 different countries. They have more than 225 sales and support offices in 75 countries. Cisco strongly believes in the advantages of a global networked business. By using networked applications over the internet and it’s own internal net work, Cisco is gaining financial contribution of at least $825 million a year in operating costs savings and revenue enhancements. Today, Cisco is the largest commerce site, with 87% of their orders are transacted over the web. Cisco is one of Americas greatest corporate success stories. Since shipping it’s first product in 1986, The company has grown into a global market leader that holds No.1 or No.2 market share in almost every market section in which it participates. Cisco went public in 1990 on the nasdaq stock market with annual revenues at $69 million in that year. But now their revenues are at $12.2 billion in fiscal 1999. Their revenues in the last four quarters are shown in the figure below.

Characteristics of Modern Drama

The essence of this paper is to list and discuss characteristics of modern period drama. These characteristics are realism, naturalism and interaction between characters and the readers. They will be discussed along with Henrik Ibsen’s ‘Ghosts’ and Arthur Miller’s ‘Death of a Sales man’. Realism and naturalism are considered to be the cornerstones of modern drama as we know it today. They are the major influencers of the modern drama. Henrik Ibsen is considered to be the founding father of these two movements. It is crucial to note that characters in these two movements represent themselves as normal human beings and this aid to the readers to interact and analyse the play to make their own judgements which is a feature of modern drama. Realism in literature was first developed in France in the mid-nineteenth century. Realist writers sought to narrate their plays from an objective, unbiased perspective that simply and clearly represented the factual elements of the play. They became masters at psychological characterization, detailed descriptions of everyday life in realistic settings, and dialogue that captures the idioms of natural human speech. The realists endeavoured to accurately represent contemporary culture and people from all walks of life. Ghosts capture the issues that concern us in everyday life. They are real issues that concern us in the contemporary world. The fact that they are real and not shielded they led to the play being rejected when it was first produced in1891. What Ibsen was saying was the truth which was took place in the society before 19th Century and was concealed. By revealing issues such as sex, sexual transmitted infections, incest, and infidelity he hurt the society since such issues were not openly discussed prior the 19th Century. The reason why ‘Ghosts’ was rejected is that it dramatise those secret issues. â€Å"Daily Telegraph leader is perhaps the most damning, describing the play as: ‘an open drain; a loathsome sore unbandaged; a dirt act done publicly; a lazar house with all its doors and windows open’. Ibsen, (2002: xxvi). In reality matters such as promiscuity does happen. Captain Alving represents this issue and in turn it is concealed at first because the only time Mrs Alving mentions it is in Act 2 after Osvald made sexual advances to Regina at the end of Act 1. Pastor Manders not to believe it but she tells her that she confirmed it from Johanna, who is Regina’s mother. And also sexual transmitted does affect children. So it was of no help to conceal reality because at the end of everything it will bounce back ith its consequences having to be addressed. At the end Mrs Alving had no choice but to tell the truth though it is late at Osvald’s side because his syphilitic condition its already in the advanced stage for being cured. In ‘Death of a Sales man’ we see Willy Loman concealing the reality that he is no longer doing well in travelling sales. He claims that he is doing exceptionally well though he is in the habit of borrowing money from Charlie pretending it to be his weekly wages. He also claims to be well liked yet he is fired shamelessly in his job. He taints Biff and Happy by saying that being well liked is the key to success yet he is not successful himself. Now we can see how realism present itself in these two plays. On the other hand naturalism is a movement in theatre, film, and literature that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as Romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment. Naturalistic writers were influenced by the evolution theory of Charles Darwin. They believed that one's heredity and social environment decide one's character. Whereas realism seeks only to describe subjects as they really are, naturalism also attempts to determine â€Å"scientifically† the underlying forces (i. e. the environment or heredity) influencing these subjects' actions. They are both opposed to romanticism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment. Naturalistic works often include uncouth or sordid subject matter. For example, Emile Zola's works had frankness about sexuality along with a pervasive pessimism. Naturalistic works exposed the dark harshness of life, including poverty, racism, prejudice, disease, prostitution, filth, etc. They were often very pessimistic and frequently criticized for being too blunt. Naturalism applies to ‘Ghosts’ and ‘Death of a Salesman in the sense that it sees human fate as the result of the environment they find themselves in. As Sigmund Freud said ‘man‘s basic instincts are sexuality and extent that he was a highly promiscuous man who ended up impregnating her maid. Looking at Charles Darwin also we find that the environment is the primary cause of everything that man does therefore man has no control over his actions. This will backup Captain Alving for being promiscuous. By making sexual advances to Regina, Osvald is also the victim of the environment and heredity. Furthermore in ‘Death of a Sales man’ the reason why Willy Loman find himself in the situation he is in it is because of the environment. He wants to conquer new territories thus he refers to himself a New England man. He also says if one is well liked he will never want yet he is an unknown character. The fact that he commits suicide at the end of the play is the causality of the environment. The environment he occupied could not let him to achieve the values by which lives. According to naturalists he has no control all over things that happen in his life. Moreover the interaction between the readers and the characters is a characteristic of modern period drama. It is captured by the fact that these two plays are realistic. The characters in ‘Ghosts’ and ‘Death of a Salesman’ represents themselves as normal human beings. The issues that they capture are known and their consequences to the characters are mirroring what is happening in the society at large. The readers feel what the characters feel and also sympathize with them as in the real life. In ‘Ghosts’ the readers feel pity for Osvald for having acquired syphilis from his father. This situation also reminds us of the babies who are born HIV positive today. It is indeed a sad situation for an individual to find themselves in. Also in ‘Death of a Sales man’ as readers we wish Willy Loman could think otherwise in order for him to escape the fate he is in. We wish he could realise that the frontier was reached by those who arrived there first. And that he could teach his sons that being well liked and personally attractive has nothing to do with success at all. This is never achievable because the play was written to portray the reality of natural fate such as death. As human beings we do not have a control over these things. In conclusion realism and naturalism and the interaction between the readers an the characters are the characteristics in modern period drama. The plays portrays the real issues of life and also the natural part of life which human beings have no control over. Also we find that the readers are able to interact with the characters because what is going on in the play is the same as what is going on in life. REFERENCESIbsen. H, (2002), Ghosts, London, Nick Hern Books. Miller. A, (2000), Death of a Salesman, Great Britian, Penguin Group. e. Notes. com,Realism Introduction,(2010), http://www. enotes. com/realism/, retrieved 21-04-2010UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA FACULTY OF HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH SHALANI GOBIFELWANG 200602865MR SEDA MODERN ENGLISH DRAMA ENG 482 21-04-2010Using any two plays that you have studied in this course list and analyse any three characteristics, features or conventions of drama of the modern period.

The Environmental Management System of Starbucks Coffee

Background of the companyâ€Å" Starbucks Coffee is the figure one purveyor of java in the universe. Starbucks Coffee is an American planetary java company and cafe concatenation based in Seattle, Washington. Furthermore, Starbucks Company is the largest cafe company in the universe in front of Costa Coffee, with 20,737 shops worldwide. Howard Schultz, the Chairman and CEO of Starbucks â€Å" . With what stated supra, Howard is really seeking to do Starbucks a 2nd place in our day-to-day lives. That is why, they are seeking to convey ‘family’ into the image whereby people of all ages can come to Starbucks and bask themselves. Starbucks started their first shop in 1971 opened in Seattle, Washington. Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker got the thought from Alfred Peet of opening Starbucks java shop. Starbucks is now presenting a healthier option of nutrient and drinks for kids. Therefore, working parents can now bask their cup of java while making their work witho ut worrying about what nutrient and imbibe their kids can devour. Furthermore, with a household construct it excessively can construct a closer relationship between households.Introduction to the services / merchandises of the companyStarbucks is really peculiar about run intoing all their customers’ demands. The environment of their mercantile establishment is good equipped from friendly staff, a comfortable topographic point to loosen up to bask a good cup of java with your loved 1s and non to advert good Wi-Fi. Thus, working parents can come to Starbucks and make their work without experiencing stressed out. All in all, Starbucks is the perfect topographic point for households to dine in. In add-on, Starbucks serve both hot and cold drinks, whole-bean java, micro-ground instant java, full-leaf teas and besides bites. Most Starbucks shops besides sell pre-packaged nutrient points, hot and cold sandwiches, and points such as mugs and tumblers. Since 1987, Starbucks had opene d an norm of two new shops every twenty-four hours and had been profitable as local company in early 1980s. In add-on the shop ab initio sold merely coffee beans and java devising equipment instead than the drinks they had become celebrated presents. Starbucks is besides celebrated for holding good services and serve good quality of java. Furthermore, Starbucks besides introduced the new drive-thru construct shops with consistence in sort so that clients have the option to bask their favourite java on the spell, or at the shop should they prefer to stretch their legs and relax.Designation of the possible environmental impacts that possibly caused by the services / merchandises of the company. ( 10marks )Overall, Starbucks Coffee is recognized by many environmental associations for their eternal part as a â€Å"Green† company. Throughout the procedure of turning, processing and transporting the java beans, Starbucks Coffee has been in support of environmentally-sound java turn ing patterns and to guarantee the sustainability of its merchandise supply. Starbucks Coffee strives to cut down their environmental impact through some enterprises aiming issues like recycle, reuse, waste decrease every bit good as instruction spouses and consumers. However, there are some negative environmental impacts that are caused by the services and merchandises of Starbucks Coffee. Firstly, based on the Starbucks 2007 CSR Annual Report, each Starbucks Coffee shop uses 6.78kW/h of electricity, 0.058 thermos of natural gas, and 25 gallons of H2O, on norm, per square pes per month ( Saed, 2009 ) . The most serious environmental impact is H2O wastage. Recently, Starbucks Coffee is criticized by environmental experts for blowing 23.4 million litres of H2O per twenty-four hours caused by running lights-outs at its about 10,000 mercantile establishments worldwide ( Saed, 2009 ) . The wastage of H2O is a menace to the environment and wildlife as the pat H2O is sourced from rivers and belowground H2O. Since javas are brewed and served to clients in packaging like paper cups, doubtless another inevitable wastage of Starbucks Coffee is its java cups. It is estimated that the company produces more than 2 billion paper cups per twelvemonth ( Mother Nature Network Holding Company, 2010 ) . Since Starbucks Coffee uses disposable paper cups made of 10 % recycled paper fibre and 90 % new paper, tremendous measure of natural resources like trees, H2O and energy are required for the processing of the paper cups. In add-on to that, the company’s paper cups are laminated with fictile rosin liner, therefore are unable to be recycled. After devouring their javas, the paper cups are extremely likely to stop up in a landfill in which decomposing of the paper cups occurs. This will ensue in the release of methane gas, which is a nursery gas with 23 times the heat-trapping power of C dioxide ( Saed, 2009 ) . Emission of this nursery gas causes nursery consequence which will take to planetary heating. Although Starbucks Coffee is promoting clients to convey in their ain reclaimable cups and bask a 10 % price reduction by making so, more inaugural is needed to actuate clients to be more environmental-friendly.The company’s environmental direction system.There are five environmental direction system that have been implement by Starbuck Company are constructing greener shops, recycling & A ; cut downing waste, Starbucks recycling substructure, cut downing waste with reclaimable Cups and H2O preservation. First Starbuck construct greener shops. Starbuck is a shop that holding LEED ® Certified Stores. They have created environmental consciousness on a planetary graduated table since from the design phase right through to building and operations. Besides that, Starbuck besides pay attending in energy preservation & A ; renewable energy, they have pay attending and committed to cut downing the measure of utilizing energy and besides back uping new, renewable solutions and prefer to utilize the energy in the green manner. Second, recycling and cut downing waste. Starbuck company said that they have 39 % of their retail shops in USA AND Canada were able to offer forepart of shop recycling and 71 % of java were able to recycle and be a fertiliser. Starbuck besides working with Paper Recovery Alliance to increase credence of their stuffs while customize their recycling plan to suit changing regional demands every bit much as possible. Besides that, in 2013 Starbuck have 80 % ( more than 3,200 ) of their shops in USA and Canada have recycled composition board boxes and other back-of-store points. Starbuck Company besides encourage their clients to happen out if their packaging is reclaimable in their vicinities at Earth 911. Third, Starbuck recycling substructure. Starbuck Company proves that the cups that they are utilizing can be accepted as a valuable natural stuff in a assortment of recycling systems. Starbuck besides working and coaction as a member of the Foodservice Packaging Institute’s Paper Recovery Alliance and the Plastics Recovery Group to happen and convey up solutions to scale and turn to common challenges. Fourth, cut downing waste with reclaimable cups. Reclaimable cups are an of import constituent for Starbuck Company in the waste decrease scheme. Since 1985 Starbuck rewarded client with 5 % price reductions that bring their personal tumblers and 5 % of the drinks made in their shops in tumblers and brought in by their clients. I felt that this is the effectual manner to promote people to affect in recycling. Last, H2O preservation. In 2008, Starbuck Company has set a end to cut down H2O ingestion by 25 % in 2015. Since so, they have identified a figure of chances to utilize this cherished resource more sagely and spent the last few old ages proving and formalizing these solutions. They have cut H2O ingestion by 21.1 % through several steps, including the usage of efficient fixtures and equipment that actively monitors ingestion to place spikes in H2O use and taking action and upgrading the H2O filtration systems in their shops to take attention and protect about the cleanness of river and watercourse. Starbuck Company have besides dominate H2O extends to H2O ingestion, protection and functioning clean H2O in coffee-growing communities. Through C.A.F.E. Practices and the resources, Agronomists of Starbuck Company have provide java husbandmans at their six farmer support centres around the universe, Starbuck Company assist increase their output and quality, while still cut downing the H2O use for java processing and guaranting workers have entree clean imbibing H2O to supply clients a good and clean java. What are Starbuck making now are pull offing H2O that can be seen â€Å"going down the drain† provides one set of challenges, but much of their H2O footmark happens behind the scenes. Leaks can develop below floors, outside in sprinkler systems, even in lavatories. To battle these unseeable enemy, Starbucks Energy and Resource Conservation squad uses advanced analytics to place shops that are utilizing inordinate sums of H2O. Facilities experts will see the shops that are utilizing inordinate sums of H2O to name and rectify aberrant. This pattern has alleviation in inordinate H2O usage.The company objectives whether it complies with SMART attack in EMS.The Starbucks Company has complied with SMART attack in EMS. The company has specific mark to turn to, mensurable mark with demoing per centum, accomplishable mark, realistic with demoing how they achieve the mark, and time-bound. The Starbucks Company is seeking the ways to cut down environmental footmark, tackle clime alteration and stimulate others to make the same. The company have specific mark to accomplish their aims such as cut downing and recycling waste, energy preservation, H2O preservation, and edifice greener shops. For the specific mark of cut downing and recycling waste, the Starbucks Company has a mensurable program that to hold recycling available in all of their shops and serve 5 % of drinks in reclaimable cups by 2015. The mark is accomplishable and realistic because the Starbucks Company offered a 10-cent price reduction for client in order to promote clients to utilize reclaimable tumblers or mugs for their drink in the US and Canada. Furthermore, the clients who drink hot drink in shop are served with ceramic mugs. Besides, composition board boxes, milk jugs, sirup bottles, and java evidences which can be found behind the counter are sent to recycling services but recycling success depends on the obtainability of commercial recycling services where the shop is located. Another specific mark is energy preservation, time-bound is twelvemonth 2015, the Starbucks Company has mensurable mark that commit to cut down 25 % of energy ingestion and to cover 100 % electricity ingestion with renewable energy. The mark is accomplishable and realistic because the company has made significant advancement in developing and understanding new attacks to cut down energy ingestion in the last few old ages and go on to happen extra renewable solutions. Furthermore, the specific mark of H2O preservation, the Starbucks Company commit to cut down 25 % H2O use in all their shops by 2015. The mark is accomplishable and realistic because the company has changed uninterrupted watercourses of H2O to manual spigots, and clean liquidizer jugs utilizing a blast of higher force per unit area H2O alternatively of unfastened pat. Besides, the company besides plans to put in efficient H2O fixtures, such as lavatories, spray caputs used to rinse dishes, and low-flow spigots in new shops.Alternate ways to better environmental public presentation of the company beside the attack stated in company policy.Recycling and cut downing waste About the cup being used, there are many ways to cut down the cup waste through encourage client to utilize ceramic mug. Offer price reduction for utilizing ceramic mug and their ain cup alternatively of merely their Starbuck trade name cup. When staff giving order, may inquire client for utilizing ceramic mug if they are holding their java in the store. Use ceramic mug besides for clients when petition for H2O, cut down the usage of paper and fictile cup possible. In add-on, client environmental consciousness is of import excessively, non supply paper tissue in self-counter which client usage extravagancy, is merely provided one to two tissue for them when buying one drink. Energy preservation Energy play an of import function in a java store, from roasting java to the whole store, it use energy. However to cut down the usage of energy is trouble, even the LED lighting was installed, but it merely cut down non much per centum. There is a manner to cut down one of the usage of energy which is HVAC system: warming, airing, chilling. It could see landscaping the outdoor environment, put some comfy furniture at outdoor, have a screen and more works to do it a cool topographic point and good airing. If client prefer have drink at outside instead than indoor, therefore it could salvage more installations provided. Water preservation Water is everything for the Starbuck’s concern, from the doing drinks until the cleaning occupation, all about the H2O. A little wisdom of life for cleansing, we can utilize the H2O in a utile manner which use more than one. For illustration, utilize the H2O to blush lavatory after wash the veggies and fruits, and after wipe up the indoor would utilize the H2O to blush the outdoor. Furthermore, there are many save H2O technique offer in the market. In the market, there is a save H2O lavatory which merely flush 1.5 litre H2O one time alternatively of normal 3 litre H2O, it save 50 % of H2O in normal lavatory usage. In order to salvage H2O, centripetal spigot would besides see to utilize for client and staff, it will come out right sum H2O for wash manus. Undertaking clime alteration Presently Starbucks’s coffee-growing communities in Sumatra, Indonesia, and Chiapas, Mexico, nevertheless there are many Starbucks shop in different states. In other agencies, there is a high cost for transportation the java bean to each state which merely from certain coffee-growing communities, it besides consume a batch of fuel. Fuel is cherished naturals mineral, one twenty-four hours there will be exhausted. There is a manner to cut down the usage of fuel which is develop more coffee-growing communities in different states so that java bean can acquire in local and non reassign from other topographic point, it besides benefit to cut down cost of the drink. MentionsMother Nature Network Holding Company ( 2010 ) . Starbucks and the Environment. Retrieved on November 22, 2014 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mnn.com/money/sustainable-business-practices/stories/starbucks-and-the-environmentSaed, T. ( 2009 ) . The Impact of One Cup of Starbucks Coffee. Retrieved on November 22, 2014 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //globalcitizens.pbworks.com/w/page/9036435/The % 20Impact % 20of % 20One % 20Cup % 20of % 20Starbucks % 20CoffeeTaylor, B. Kelly, J. ( 2013 ) Global Responsibility Report Goals & A ; Progress 2013. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.starbucks.com/responsibility/global-report.Starbucks Corporation. ( 2014 ) .Environmental Stewardship. Retrieved fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www.starbucks.com.my/responsibility/environment.